Which of the following is NOT an object-oriented design principle?

The Data Redundancy Principle is not considered an object-oriented design principle. In object-oriented programming, design principles focus on how to structure software to make it maintainable, scalable, and robust. This includes principles such as the Open/Closed Principle, which states that software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification, promoting flexibility. Encapsulation is a fundamental concept that restricts access to certain components of an object, thus protecting the object’s integrity by hiding its internal state and requiring all interactions to occur through well-defined interfaces. The Dependency Inversion Principle encourages reducing dependencies among different components to promote a more modular design. Unlike these established principles, the Data Redundancy Principle does not relate to the practices of object-oriented design. Instead, it is often associated with database management and normalization techniques, which aim to reduce duplication to ensure data consistency.